Selelekela

Lipatlisisong tsa morao-rao tsa mahlale le tlhahlobo ea liteko, kamore ea pokello ea sampole ke mohato oa pele oa ho netefatsa ho ts'epahala ha data. 'Me ts'ebetsong ena, li-vials tsa pokello ea mohlala, e le sesebelisoa sa bohlokoa bakeng sa polokelo ea mehlala le lipalangoang, khetho ea eona le tšebeliso ea eona e amana ka ho toba le botšepehi le botsitso ba sampuli le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo e latelang.

Mehlala ea likoleke tsa pokello li sebelisoa haholo libakeng tse ngata. Mefuta e fapaneng ea linkho e arotsoe ka hloko ho latela thepa, sebopeho, li-additives le ho koaloa ha lisampole tse fapaneng tse nang le thepa e fapaneng ea physicochemical, litlhoko tsa tlhahlobo le maemo a polokelo.

Khethollo ea Motheo ea Linkho tsa Pokello ea Mehlala

Mefuta e fapaneng ea lisampole e na le litlhoko tse fapaneng bakeng sa linkho tsa pokello ea mohlala nakong ea pokello le polokelo.Ka hona, ho utloisisa sehlopha sa mantlha sa linkho tsa pokello ea mohlala ho tla thusa bahlahlobi ho etsa khetho e nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa ho latela litlhoko tsa nnete. Ka kakaretso, li-tubes tsa sampuli li ka aroloa ho ea ka thepa, mokhoa oa ho tiisa le litekanyo tse kang solvent le morphology ea sebopeho.

1. Classification ka lintho tse bonahalang: khalase vs. Plastiki

• Li-Tube tsa Mehlala ea Khalase: Hangata e entsoe ka khalase e phahameng ea borosilicate e nang le lik'hemik'hale tse ntle tsa lik'hemik'hale le botsitso ba mocheso, tse loketseng li-solvents tse ngata tsa tlhaho le maemo a phahameng a mocheso. Haholo-holo tlhahlobisong e nepahetseng haholo kapa pokellong ea metsoako e khabisoang habonolo, linkho tsa khalase li ka qoba ho senyeha kapa ho silafala ha sampole.
• Linkho tsa pokello ea mohlala oa polasetiki: lisebelisuoa tse tloaelehileng li kenyelletsa polypropylene, polyethylene, polycarbonate, joalo-joalo Li na le tšusumetso e matla haholoanyane ebile li bobebe, 'me li loketse ho hatsetsa ha cryogenic, pokello ea sampuli ea baeloji, le tlhahlobo e tloaelehileng ea bongaka. Tse ling tsa linkho tsa polasetiki tse phahameng li boetse li hanyetsana le tekanyo e itseng ea ho bola ha lik'hemik'hale.

2. Ho khetholla ka mokhoa oa ho tiisa: screw, bayonet, mofuta oa tšoelesa

• Mofuta oa screw-in: mofuta o tloaelehileng haholo, o bonolo ho bula le ho tiisa, o loketseng litlhoko tse ngata tsa laboratori tse akaretsang. Hangata li-Screw-port caps li penta le PTFE/silicone gaskets ho netefatsa ho tiisoa le ho lumellana ha lik'hemik'hale.
• Mofuta oa Bayonet: E koetsoe ka potlako ka ho panya ha leihlo, e loketseng ts'ebetso e potlakileng kapa liketsahalo tse hlokang ho buloa khafetsa, e sebelisoang haholo lipolaneteng tse itirisang kapa lits'ebetso tse itseng tse tloaelehileng tsa tlhahlobo.
• Mofuta oa tšoelesa: E tiisitsoe ka sekoahelo sa tšepe le tšoelesa, e thibelang moea ka ho fetisisa, e sebelisoang hangata ho chromatography ea khase le liteko tse ling tse hlokang taolo e phahameng ea ho fetoha. E loketse polokelo ea nako e telele le lipalangoang, haholo-holo e sebelisoang haholo litekong tsa sampole ea tikoloho.

3. Ho arola ka molumo le sebōpeho: maemo, miniature, conical bottom, joalo-joalo.

• Linkho tse tloaelehileng: meqolo e tloaelehileng ke 1.5 ml, 2 ml le 5 ml, tse loketseng ho bokella le ho hlahloba lisampole tse ngata tsa metsi. Sebopeho hangata ke cylindrical, eo ho leng bonolo ho e tšoara ka lisebelisoa tse ikemetseng.
• Likotlolo tse nyane: e nang le boholo ba 0.2ml-0.5ml, e atisang ho sebelisoa bakeng sa saese e nyane haholo kapa meralo e phahameng ea liteko. E loketse tsamaiso ea micro sampling.
• Li-cone-tlase tsa linkho: Botlaaseng ba vial bo entsoe ka sebōpeho sa khoune, e loketseng bakeng sa ho tsepamisa mohopolo oa mohlala, ts'ebetso ea centrifugal le takatso ea mahala ea masala, e sebelisoang hangata litekong tsa ho ntša liprotheine / nucleic acid.
• Linkho tse tlase tse tlase / tse chitja: Li-flat bottoms li loketse lisebelisoa tsa autosampling, ha li-rounds tse pota-potileng li loketse haholoanyane bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea matsoho kapa maemo a ho kopanya vortex.

Likopo ho Mehlala ea Likokoana-hloko ( mehlala ea mali e le mohlala)

E le e 'ngoe ea lisampole tse tloaelehileng le tsa mantlha tsa baeloji, mali a sebelisoa haholo mafapheng a fapaneng, ho kenyeletsoa tlhahlobo ea bongaka, tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, le lipatlisiso tsa proteomics. Ka lebaka la sebopeho sa eona se rarahaneng le ts'ebetso e matla ea baeloji, litlhoko tsa lijana tsa pokello li thata haholo. Likotlolo tsa pokello ea mohlala tse sebelisetsoang lits'ebetso tse fapaneng li fapane ho ea ka li-additives, lisebelisoa le moralo oa sebopeho, tse amang ka kotloloho boleng ba lisampole le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo e latelang.

1. Tikoloho le morero oa tšebeliso

• Teko ea bongaka ea meriana: bakeng sa mali a tloaelehileng, biochemistry, electrolyte, tlhahlobo ea boemo ba li-hormone, joalo-joalo, li hloka ho potlaka, ho sebetsa hantle, ho qoba hemolysis le tšilafalo.
• Patlisiso ea baeloji ea limolek'hule: tse kang RNA-seq, whole genome sequencing (WGS), qPCR, joalo-joalo, e hlokang litlhoko tse phahameng tsa botšepehi ba nucleic acid le maemo a ho boloka sampole.
• Tlhahlobo ea protheine le metabolomics: ho ameha ka thibelo ea ts'ebetso ea protease, ho lumellana ha solvent, botsitso ka mor'a ho qhoqhoa khafetsa le ho qhibiliha.

2. Mefuta e tloaelehileng ea pokello ea linkho tsa mefuta le litlhophiso

• E na le linkho tsa anticoagulant: Li-tubes tsa EDTA li sebelisoa haholo tlhahlobo ea hematology le nucleic acid extract, e ka thibelang ka katleho mokhoa oa ho kopanya le ho sireletsa morphology ea lisele; Li-tubes tsa Heparin li loketse tlhahlobo ea plasma, e loketseng liteko tse itseng tsa lik'hemik'hale (mohlala, tlhahlobo ea khase ea mali), empa e kena-kenana le liketso tse itseng tsa PCR; 'me li-tubes tsa sodium citrate li sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea tšebetso ea coagulation.
• Li-tubes tsa pokello ea mali tse sa kenyelletsoeng: e sebelisetsoang ho hlahloba serum, joalo ka ho ts'oara mosebetsing, ts'ebetso ea renal, liteko tsa immunology, joalo-joalo Ka mor'a hore mali a kopane ka tlhaho, serum e arotsoe ke centrifugation ho qoba metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale e sitisang maikutlo a liteko.
• Likotlolo tse khethehileng bakeng sa cryopreservation: e entsoe ka thepa e matla ea PP, e khona ho mamella mocheso o tlase haholo (-80 ℃ ho tikoloho ea naetrojene ea metsi). E sebelisoa haholo bakeng sa ho boloka nako e telele ea plasma, serum, likarolo tsa cellular, joalo-joalo, e sebelisoang haholo libanka tsa sampuli ea likokoana-hloko le lithuto tsa nako e telele tsa ho latela.

3. Temoso

• Tšusumetso ea lisebelisoa ho botsitso ba sampole: Likotlolo tsa polasetiki li ka 'na tsa khahlisa liprotheine kapa li-nucleic acid, tse hlokang tšebeliso ea thepa e tlaase ea adsorption kapa phekolo ea holim'a metsi. Linkho tsa khalase li tsitsitse empa ha li tšoanele maemo ohle a leqhoa Litsebi tsa Lab li hloka ho etsa kahlolo ho latela mofuta oa sampole le litlhoko tsa liteko.
• Bohlokoa ba ho ngola le ho latela mokhoa oa ho latedisa: Nakong ea teko, lisampole li ferekanngoa habonolo ka lebaka la ho ngola, tlhahisoleseding e sa fellang le mathata a mang, a amang ka botebo ho tšepahala ha data. Ho khothaletsoa ho sebelisa lileibole tse hatisitsoeng ka laser, lithupa tse tšoarellang tse hatselitsoeng kapa sistimi ea ho latedisa ka elektroniki (joalo ka RFID, barcode) bakeng sa ts'ebetso eohle ea taolo ea sampole.

Ho boloka le ho tšoara lisampole tsa mali ho phetha karolo ea bohlokoa liphethong tsa liteko, 'me linkho tse loketseng tsa pokello ha li holise feela ho boloka mohlala oa ts'ebetso le bots'epehi, empa hape ke tlhokahalo ea lipatlisiso tsa boleng bo holimo. Ka nts'etsopele ea meriana e nepahetseng le thekenoloji e phahameng ea phepelo, tlhoko ea linkho tsa pokello ea sampole ea baeloji e ntse e eketseha le ho hloekisoa.

Tlhahlobo ea Lik'hemik'hale le Mehlala ea Laboratori

Ka k'hemistri ea tlhahlobo, ho sibolloa ha lithethefatsi, tlhahlobo ea polokeho ea lijo le mosebetsi o mong oa laboratori, linkho tsa pokello ea sampole ha se lijana tsa polokelo feela, empa hape ke likarolo tse lumellanang haholo tsa ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo le sesebelisoa. Haholo-holo ka chromatography ea mokelikeli, chromatography ea khase le mekhoa e meng ea ho hlahloba ka mokhoa o nepahetseng haholo, khetho ea li-vials e amana ka ho toba le ho ikatisa le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo le ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea sesebelisoa.

1. Tšebeliso ea li-vials ho chromatography ea metsi le tlhahlobo ea chromatography ea khase

• Linkho tsa HPLC: botsitso bo botle ba lik'hemik'hale bo hlokahala ho thibela tharollo ea sampole hore e se ke ea sebetsa kapa e ipapisitse le lebota la vial. Ka tloaelo ho sebelisoa 2 ml li-screw-top glass vials tse nang le PTFE/silicone gasket caps, tse hanyetsanang le metsoako ea tlhaho le ho boloka tiiso e tiileng. Bakeng sa lisampole tse nang le lifoto, libotlolo tse sootho lia fumaneha.
• Linkho tsa GC: kaha tlhahlobo ea GC e itšetlehile haholo ka mohlala oa ho feto-fetoha ha maemo, li-vial li hloka ho tiisoa ka thata 'me hangata li entsoe ka likhalase tsa khalase tse nang le likhatello tsa khatello; ho phaella moo, ho thibela ho lahleheloa ke likarolo tse sa tsitsang, li-gaskets pele ho phunya li atisa ho sebelisoa ho tiisa ka li-caps tsa aluminium.
• Lisebelisoa tse nang le mehlala e menyenyane: Bakeng sa tlhahlobo e phahameng ea tlhahiso le ho fumana likaroloana, 0.3 ml-0.5 ml li-microvial li ka sebelisoa le cannulae ho fokotsa tahlehelo ea sampole.

2. Autosampling tsamaiso ea boholo le litlhoko tsa ho lumellana

Lilaboratori tsa sejoale-joale hangata li sebelisa li-autosamplers ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho lemoha le ho ts'oana, 'me litekanyetso tse ts'oanang li hlahisoa bakeng sa litlhaloso le libopeho tsa vial:

• Litlhaloso tse tloaelehileng: 2ml standard caliber (OD 12mm * Height 32mm) ke mohlala o ka sehloohong oa ho potoloha, o lumellanang haholo le tsamaiso ea mefuta e mengata ea li-autosampling.
• Litlhoko tsa ponahalo ea vial: molomo oa botlolo o hloka ho ba sephara, 'mele oa botlolo o hloka ho hanyetsana le likhohlano tsa mechine, ho etsa bonnete ba hore ts'ebetso e tsitsitseng ea letsoho e tsitsitseng.
• E Khethehileng Tray Adaptation: Mefuta e meng ea litsamaiso e hloka sebopeho se itseng se ka tlase (botlase bo bataletseng, botlase bo chitja, kapa ka li-grooves) ho ikamahanya le terei ea vial.

3. Lisebelisoa tse khethehileng le moralo o sebetsang

Bakeng sa ho netefatsa bonnete ba tlhahlobo ea lisampole tse rarahaneng, lilaboratori hangata li sebelisa linkho tse entsoeng ka mokhoa o ikhethileng:

• Khalase e sa sebetseng ea borosilicate: Ke sesebelisoa se ratoang bakeng sa HPLC/GC ka lebaka la khanyetso ea eona e phahameng ea lik'hemik'hale le bohloeki, ho qoba karabelo kapa adsorption e nang le likarolo tsa mohlala ho sampole.
• PTFE gasket cap: khanyetso e phahameng ea solvent corrosion, puncture e phetoang, e loketseng ts'ebetso ea nale ea autosampling, ho qoba tšilafalo ea sampole le ho lutla.
• Botlolo ea phekolo ea silanization: bokaholimo bo tšoaroa ka seaparo se khethehileng ho fokotsa ho ata ha limolek'hule tsa polar, tse atisang ho sebelisoa ha ho hlahlojoa trace.

Ka ho khetha lisebelisoa tse nepahetseng, kaho le litlhaloso, li-vials tlhahlobo ea lik'hemik'hale ha li ntlafatse feela ts'ebetso ea ho lemoha le ho lumellana ha lisebelisoa, empa hape li kenya letsoho ho ts'ebetsong le ho tšepahala ha data ea sampole. Haholo-holo tlhahlobong ea morao-rao le lits'ebetsong tse ikemetseng, tlhophiso e nepahetseng ea sistimi ea vial e fetohile e 'ngoe ea lintlha tsa mantlha ho netefatsa boleng ba tlhahlobo.

Khetho ea Linkho ho Pokello ea Mehlala ea Tikoloho

Pokello ea sampole ea tikoloho e akaretsa mefuta e mengata ea mecha ea litaba, joalo ka metsi, mobu, le sepakapaka, 'me lisampole li na le liqapi tse rarahaneng mme li ka ba tlas'a maemo a feteletseng (mohlala, tse senyang haholo, tse fetohang haholo, ho latela litšila, joalo-joalo). E le ho etsa bonnete ba ho tšepahala ha lintlha tse bokelitsoeng le ho lumellana le litlhoko tsa taolo, ho bohlokoa ho khetha li-vial tse loketseng bakeng sa ho bokella sampole.

1. Maemo a kopo

• Mehlala ea metsi: Metsi a holim'a Baokou, metsi a ka tlas'a lefatše, metsi a litšila a indasteri, joalo-joalo, a atisang ho sebelisoa ho bona litšepe tse boima, lintho tse silafatsang. Matsoai a limatlafatsi, joalo-joalo.
• Mobu o ntšitsoeng: lisampole tsa mokelikeli tse fumanoang ka ho ntšoa ha lik'hemik'hale, tse nang le masalla a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, tšepe e boima kapa metsoako ea lintho tse phelang.
• Mokelikeli o bokelloang ke lintho tse tsoang moeeng: lisampole tsa likaroloana tse sebelisoang ho tsoa ho li-membrane tsa filthara kapa lino tse monyang bubble.

2. Litlhoko tsa bohlokoa tsa ho etsa sampole linkho

• Ho tiisa ka matla: Qoba ho feto-fetoha ha mohlala, ho lutla kapa ho monya mongobo nakong ea lipalangoang kapa polokelo, e bohlokoa haholo bakeng sa ho lemoha VOC.
• Khanyetso e ntle ea kutu: mehlala e ka 'na ea e-ba le li-acids tse matla, li-alkali kapa li-solvents tsa organic, tse hlokang tšebeliso ea likhalase tse phahameng tsa borosilicate kapa libotlolo tse entsoeng ka polasetiki e khethehileng.
• Moqapi oa inert: Lerako le ka hare la vial le hloka ho qoba ho senya litšila kapa ho itšoara ka likarolo tsa mohlala, 'me litlhahlobo tse ling li hloka hore ho sebelisoe libotlolo tse entsoeng ka silanized kapa tse hlatsoitsoeng pele.
• Ho latela melaoana ea lisampole: Mefuta eohle ea mananeo a tlhahlobo ea tikoloho hangata a tataisoa ke maemo a naha kapa a machabeng, joalo ka US EPA, China's Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water, joalo-joalo, 'me linkho li tlameha ho khethoa ho fihlela litlhoko tsa bona tsa lisampole.

Linkho tse sa khethoang ka tsela e fosahetseng li ka baka mathata a kang ho senyeha ha lintho tse shebiloeng, ho ata ha lintho tse silafatsang, le likheo tse leeme, tse ka amang ho nepahala ha liphetho tsa liteko kapa tsa lebisa ho hlakoloeng ha data. Ka hona, khetho ea mahlale le e utloahalang ea linkho tsa mohlala tsa tlhahlobo ea tikoloho ha e amane feela le boleng ba tlhahlobo, empa hape e amana le ho latela melao le ho etsa liqeto tsa saense tikolohong.

Tataiso ea Khetho ea Vial: Mokhoa oa ho Khetha Ho ipapisitsoe le Mofuta oa Mehlala le Litlhoko tsa Tlhahlobo

Ho tobana le mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ea linkho tsa pokello ea mehlala, mokhoa oa ho etsa khetho e nepahetseng le ea mahlale mosebetsing o sebetsang ke bothata bo atileng ho batho ba etsang liteko.

1. Thepa ea mohlala e etsa qeto ea khetho ea sebopeho sa thepa ea pele

• Thepa ea mohlala ka boeona: Haeba sampuli e fetoha haholo, botlolo ea khalase e nang le sekoahelo se setle sa ho tiisa le PTFE gasket e khethoa ho eketsa tahlehelo ea likarolo. Ha u tobane le lisampole tse matla tse senyang, u lokela ho sebelisa libotlolo tsa khalase tsa borosilicate tse hanyetsanang le lik'hemik'hale, kapa u sebelise polyethylene e phahameng haholo, polasetiki e nang le fluorinated le lisebelisoa tse ling tse khethehileng tse tsejoang e le botlolo. Ntle le moo, bakeng sa disampole tse sebetsang ka biologically tse ruileng ka nucleic acid, liprotheine kapa likokoana-hloko, li-vial tse se nang enzyme, tse alafiloeng ka mokhoa o sa sebetseng li hloka ho sebelisoa, 'me lisebelisoa tse tlase tsa adsorption kapa tse sa sebetseng li khethoa ho qoba ho senyeha ha sampole kapa ho se nke lehlakore.
• Mofuta le ho lumellana ha lisebelisoa tsa ho hlahloba: Sistimi ea autosampling e sebelisitsoeng, e hloka ho netefatsa hore boholo ba vial e sebelisitsoeng, ho nepahala ha molomo oa botlolo, botenya ba gasket, joalo-joalo li lumellana le litlhaloso tse tloaelehileng tsa moetsi oa lisebelisoa. Hangata, botlolo ea khalase ea "screw-top" ea 2 ml e sebelisoa ho netefatsa hore nale e ntšoa butle-butle le ho qoba ho thiba ha nale kapa ho lutla. Bakeng sa sampole ea matsoho kapa ho fana, mofuta oa vial o tenyetsehang oa khethoa.
• Mehlala ea maemo a polokelo: Maemo a polokelo ea sampuli a ama ka ho toba khetho ea thepa le mohaho oa ho koala oa vial. Boholo ba likhalase tsa khalase kapa polypropylene li lekane bakeng sa lisampole tseo ka kakaretso li bolokiloeng ka nako e khuts'oane. Haeba lisampole li hloka ho bolokoa mochesong o tlase (-20 ℃ kapa -80 ℃), ho lokela ho sebelisoa li-tubes tse khethehileng tsa leqhoa, tse entsoeng ka PP e hanyetsanang le mocheso o tlase 'me e na le sebopeho sa ho tiisa O-ring e thibelang ho lutla. Haeba lisampole li bolokoa ka har'a naetrojene e metsi nako e telele, linkho tse khethehileng tsa boemo ba naetrojene tsa metsi li tlameha ho sebelisoa, 'me likatiba kapa likatiba tse tlanngoeng ka hare ho matlafatsoa bakeng sa ho tiisoa li lokela ho sebelisoa ho thibela leqhoa le ho phatloha ha linkho. Ho feta moo, bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa ho nka lifoto, li-vial tse sootho kapa tse opaque le tsona li lokela ho sebelisoa kapa ho hlomelloa ka lisebelisoa tse bolokang leseli.
• Tekanyo ea litšenyehelo le boholo ba liteko: Bakeng sa liteko tse phahameng kapa lilaboratori tsa thuto, linkho tsa polasetiki tse theko e tlaase li ka khethoa ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa tšebeliso. Bakeng sa litlhahlobo tse nepahetseng kapa ho tšoara sampole ea boleng bo holimo, ho tsepamisitsoe maikutlo holim'a bohloeki ba libotlolo, ho se sebetse ha thepa, le ts'ebetso ea ho tiisa, e ka thusang ho netefatsa bonnete ba data le ka theko e phahameng hanyane. Ntle le moo, ha ho etsoa lilaebrari tsa mehlala kapa ho tsamaisa merero ea nako e telele, ho bohlokoa ho beha pele linkho tsa maemo a holimo tse nang le libarcode, tse hananang le sehatsetsi, le tse thibelang tšilafalo e le ho ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea lisampole le ts'ebetso ea taolo ea data.

Ha li kopane, mohlala oa vial, leha e le o monyenyane, ke sehokelo sa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa moralo oa liteko, boleng ba sampole le liphetho tsa tlhahlobo. Ka ho hlahloba ka mokhoa o hlophisitsoeng oa litšobotsi tsa mohlala, lisebelisoa tsa liteko, mekhoa ea polokelo le boholo ba tekanyetso, mohloli oa mocheso oa liteko o ka khetha ka saense ho khetha vial e nepahetseng ka ho fetisisa ea ho bokella, ho beha motheo o tiileng bakeng sa ts'ebetso eohle ea lipatlisiso.

Mekhoa ea Kamoso le Litsela tse Ncha

Ka nts'etsopele ea boiketsetso ba lipatlisiso tsa mahlale le mohopolo oa liteko tse tala, linkho tsa pokello ea mehlala li ntse li tsoela pele molemong oa ho tsamaisana le ts'ireletso e qabolang le tikoloho.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lilaboratori tse nang le phallo e phahameng li na le litlhoko tse ntseng li eketseha bakeng sa lebelo la ts'ebetso ea sampole le letsoalo, e leng se etsang hore linkho li tsamaee butle-butle ho ea ho miniaturization le modularization. Li-vial tsa boholo bo nyane li ntse li ata, 'me ha li sebelisoa le lisebelisoa tse ikemetseng, ha li boloke sebaka le li-reagents feela, empa hape li ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ts'ebetso, li ikamahanya le tlhoko ea liteko tsa sejoale-joale ea lebelo le ho nepahala.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, lipatlisiso le nts'etsopele ea lisebelisoa tse baballang tikoloho le tsona li fetohile sepheo sa indasteri. E le ho fokotsa moroalo oa tikoloho o bakoang ke lipolasetiki tse lahloang, linkho tse ntseng li eketseha li sebelisa lisebelisoa tse ka senyehang kapa tse thehiloeng ho bioloji. Ka nako e ts'oanang, mokhoa oa ho paka le oa tlhahiso o atisa ho nolofatsoa le ho ba tala, ho latela mokhoa oa kaho e tsitsitseng ea laboratori.

Nakong e tlang, li-vials e ke ke ea e-ba lintho tse ka sebelisoang feela, empa hape e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea tsoelo-pele e bohlale le e tsitsitseng ea laboratori.